The Test of Abstract Language Comprehension (TALC) is an assessment that looks at childrens understanding of abstract language through verbal reasoning. July 2015; International Journal of Toxicology 34(1 suppl):66S-129S; II. Methods used to derive cause of death were poorly described, and included a variety of sources including death certificates, employment records, and hospital records, resulting in a low quality rating for that domain, and low overall quality rating (44, 45). In male F344/N rats, there was an increased incidence of benign or malignant pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland, commonly observed in rats (21). doi: 10.1080/08958370050029725. The impact of prior occupational exposure to respiratory carcinogens also was not considered in most studies. doi: 10.1002/ajim.4700170408, 53. All our speech and language therapists are registered with the RCSLT and the HCPC. 792 children aged 4 to 16 years and 70 adults participated from 10 regions across the United Kingdom. doi: 10.1136/thx.43.7.559. WebThe TROG-2 is a fully revised and nationally re-standardised version of the widely used TROG. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of talc for use in cosmetics. the objective of this paper was to apply systematic review methods to critically evaluate and synthesize the scientific evidence addressing the possible relationship (s) between exposure to talc occupationally and from exposure to talc-containing products (primarily talcum powders and cosmetics) and pulmonary cancers, specifically lung For pulmonary cancers, it is therefore plausible that talc could cause irritation and a cascade of inflammatory mechanisms. Our speech and language therapists provide a range of services for children with speech, language and communication needs. Gamble JF. WebThe largest portion of ground talc is used in ceramics (37%), followed by paint (19%), paper (10%), roofing (9%), other (9%), plastics (7%), cosmetics (5%), rubber (3%), and 0000011107 00000 n Some of the mines in upstate New York were reported to produce talcs with asbestiform or non-asbestiform amphibole minerals including tremolite and anthophyllite (42, 43, 57). This might have introduced confounding, as short-term or transient workers tend to have a higher prevalence of smoking and other health risk factors (46). Ierardi AM, Best EA, Marsh GM. Additionally, the NTP (19) study involved the use of micronized talc, which has a smaller aerodynamic diameter than mined and milled talcs and talc used in talcum powder products. Categorizations for evaluating strength of evidencea (8). The report will explain how the difficulties may impact your childs understanding of everyday spoken language, how the difficulties may impact their communication skills. This approval level enables you to buy all our assessments. 0000004318 00000 n The original standardised version included norms of over 2,000 children and was published in 1983 with slight modifications made in 1989. By 132 days after exposure, there were no statistically significant differences in talc burden in the lungs of exposed vs. unexposed hamsters, indicating clearance of the particles. QA/review: MC, PB, and KM. 10. WebTalc is a mineral made up mainly of magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. In February 2016, the courts ruled in favor of the family of a woman who died of ovarian cancer at 62 years old. p. 647-654. Wagner JC, Berry G, Cooke TJ, Hill RJ, Pooley FD, Skidmore JW, et al. Rubino GF, Scansetti G, Piolatto G, Romano CA. Phone: +1 (800) 627-7271 Pneumologie. However, there have been challenges with accurately identifying and quantifying asbestiform minerals in talc (2, 3). Integration of evidence included consideration of consistency, coherence and the presence of exposure-response relationships. 25. 0000003435 00000 n 0000005069 00000 n 7.2 Exposure assessment. doi: 10.1002/ajim.10240. A nested case control study of lung cancer among New York talc workers. (1989) 43:1056. (50) followed 1,346 talc miners and 438 millers hired between 1921 and 1950 and that worked for at least 1 year in the Val Chisone talc operations. This can impact certain aspects of social and academic development. These workers were clearly and highly exposed to the talcs: all except the Norwegian cohort reported statistically significant excess mortality due to pneumonoconiosis, a group of non-malignant respiratory diseases caused by heavy exposure to dusts. Methods for collecting and analysing respirable talc generated during the use of loose face powder and adult and baby dusting powders were established. xb```f``d`c`z B@165vzNh8thz0:&8VmKeXSFQu74UgUi,gBOSuc"8LK?S&6B*i 66/;|r-.R+^ `u(H%p10cc``|9@"TG&c8C6@MX1;D+21t `w`v;"v- #fb[ 6a`;e` 1322 50 Similar findings were reported in rats exposed to non-asbestiform talcum powder for 6 h per day for 4 weeks via whole-body inhalation (28). Please visit our International Contacts Page to find where you can order from. WebSenner & Baud, 2013 Definitions Communication Partner Circle (Adapted from Blackstone & Berg, 2003) Life partner a life-long communication partner such as family members and or call on 0330 088 2298. Webinstruction guide: circle = 1, numbers = 2, hands = 2 if all correct). Of three experimental animal studies of inhaled talc, only one mesothelioma was reported in a strain of rats prone to spontaneous mesothelioma. The primary literature search for talc exposure and all cancers was performed in PubMed (in April; updated September 2021) and yielded a total of 716 publications. The available data indicate that talc dust exposure in the modern mining of cosmetic grade talc does not appear to be injurious to health and the significantly lower dust Exposure in the normal use of cosmeticgrade talcdusts in talc-containing health and cosmetic products confirms that their use is not a hazard to health. In an OECD Guideline 473 in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test (rated as a Klimisch score of two), Endo-Capron et al. 631 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<166AC119B1656D9BFB80A0EC76A47BBB><33215A8A902138498BC011EEBA38DDC5>]/Index[620 27]/Info 619 0 R/Length 78/Prev 882784/Root 621 0 R/Size 647/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Dec., 2013. 0000014600 00000 n A few studies reported excess lung cancer mortality, but lung cancer mortality risk did not increase with increasing talc exposure and the association potentially was confounded by smoking. This exposure assessment focuses on routes of exposure where critical effects have been identified; namely, non-cancer lung effects following inhalation of insoluble respirable particles of talc, and an association with ovarian cancer following perineal exposure to talc. The evidence for possible carcinogenic mechanisms of talc is limited; however, a genotoxicity MOA confidently can be ruled out. Findings for each of the cohort studies that was rated high quality for exposure characterization are discussed more below. Northern Italy: An updated cohort study. (6), which reported an alternate pooled Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) of 0.242 (90% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.0121.15) with additional follow up time but no new deaths. 7.2.1 Environmental media, food and drinking Particle overload is common when high doses of poorly insoluble particles are administered particle clearance mechanisms of the lung are overwhelmed and carcinogenic processes are initiated (23, 24): see Mechanistic evidence and Mode of Action. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity in mice exposed to talc. Consequently, half of the talc workers in the mortality study conducted by Dement et al. Lung cancer mortality was slightly elevated, but did not achieve statistical significance, in the French (SMR = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.761.89) and Vermont (SMR = 1.44; 95% CI: 0.982.03) talc miners and millers but was close to unity for the Austrian (SMR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.432.19), Italian (SMR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.821.27) and Norwegian (SIR = 1.17; 95% CI: 0.731.79) talc miners and millers (1, 30, 53, 56). Inhalation of talc induces infiltration of macrophages and upregulation of manganese superoxide dismutase in rats. Talc: may be harmful to your lungs (difficulty breathing, scarring of the lungs) if you breathe in loose powder The available data indicate that talc dust exposure in the modern mining of cosmetic grade talc does not appear to be injurious to health and the significantly lower of Health Education, and Welfare-Public Health Service-Center for Disease Control-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (1980). doi: 10.1006/rtph.1996.1076, 15. Additional details of our methodology are provided in the Protocol in the Supplementary material, allowing verification and replication of our review. Honda Y, Beall C, Delzell E, Oestenstad K, Brill I, Matthews R, et al. Cause-specific mortality and cancer morbidity in 390 male workers exposed to high purity talc: A six-decade follow-up. In the time-course evaluation, most findings returned to control levels within 14 days. NTP. Lynch HN, Kozal JS, Russell AJ, Thompson WJ, Divis HR, Freid RD, et al. The authors attributed the excess lung cancer to previous employment and smoking (46). (26) sonicated respirable granite and talc dust from a talc mine in Vermont (0.8 m, MMAD of 7.5 m) in saline and intratracheally instilled it into the lungs of Syrian Gold Hamsters at doses of 0.15, 0.75, or 3.75 mg/100 g (single exposure). Similarly, Vermont talc miners and millers encountered talcs free of both asbestiform mineral and significant quantities of free silica (54, 56). 0000059323 00000 n The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS RN1) for talc is 14807-96-6. Genotoxicity studies were negative, and the few identified in vivo and in vitro mechanistic studies did not report strong evidence of the postulated chronic inflammation-mediated MOA in respiratory tissues at human-relevant exposure levels. We performed literature searches using PubMed and Web of Science and used existing agency reviews as a basis for cross-referencing critical studies. Application of Systematic Review in TSCA Risk Evaluations. We have recently updated our policy. Visuospatial [Score 0-5] Updated 20/11/2012 . Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Dept. The 17 occupational cohort study reports evaluated for study quality encompassed talc miners and millers in New York State (4147), Italy (1, 4851), Norway (52, 53), France and Austria (30) and Vermont (5456). When stratified by employment history, talc workers with known prior employment also showed excess lung cancer mortality (SMR = 2.14; no CI reported), and talc workers with no known work prior to their talc facility employment showed a slight deficit of lung cancer deaths (SMR = 0.76; no CI reported). J Occup Env Med. In:Dusts and Disease, Lemen R, Dement JM, , editors. Because the case-control studies were nested within cohorts, we did not expect substantive differences in quality. Analysis of evidence: HL, DL, OL, RF, AI, WT, JC, AU, and KC. The information gained from the assessment can be used to create an individualised therapy programme as well as be used to tailor specific personalised advice for parents and teachers on how best to communicate with your child. 6.2.1 Environmental media, food and drinking water WebICH Q3D Pre-Step 2 Draft Guideline Incorporates Risk Assessment, Risk Management and Risk Mitigation concepts Testing is not the default; however, where necessary Methods are outside the scope of ICH Q3D Appropriate, validated analytical methods should be used Tests should be specific for each metal (e.g. A three-fold excess of mortality due to NMRD was reported in the earliest cohort study of New York talc workers, reflecting the high concentrations of dust present in the workplace; prior to 1948, median exposures ranged from 61 to 1,196 mppcf (45). We use cookies to give you the best experience on our website. Coggiola et al. Speech and language difficulties in bilingual children, Assessment of Comprehension and Expression, Augmentative and Alternative Communication assessment, Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, New Reynell Developmental Language Scales, South Tyneside Assessment of Syntactic Structure, Augmentative and Alternative Communication, Autism spectrum disorder feeding problems, Feeding problems as a result of a neurological condition, Problems transitioning from tube feeding to oral feeding, Multidisciplinary assessment and treatment, Early infancy and toddler 12 months-3 years. Pulmonary cancer (lung cancer and mesothelioma) mortality generally was ascertained via death certificates coded by certified nosologists. Therefore, the large amount of available animal and clinical data the Panel relied on in assessing the safety of talc only. The results indicate that the talc industry exerted considerable influence over three key areas: regulatory proceedings at the FDA; testing methods and the manipulation of test results (including undisclosed results); and press coverage and the medical literature. (1988) 127:12029. (2003) 44:639. Phone: +44(0)203 564 6419 : 80-115. Although one meta-analysis (5) reported a statistically significant meta-SMR of 1.45 (95% CI: 1.221.72) for non-asbestiform talc and lung cancer, this review included several occupational cohorts with mixed exposures to possible lung carcinogens such as silica, asbestos, and radon (miners) resulting in high heterogeneity across reported study results. Honda et al. 0000013312 00000 n Authors HL, KM, WT, DL, OL, JC, KC, RF, MC, AI, and AU are employed by Stantec ChemRisk, a consulting firm that provides scientific support to the government, corporations, law firms, and various scientific/professional organizations. Regul Tox Pharm. Earn money by contributing to product development. In:Dusts and Disease, Lemen R., Dement J.M, , editors. Overall, the animal studies all employed designs that properly incorporated a control group for comparison, including randomly allocating test animals into experimental groups to reduce potential bias. Talc deposition and effects after 20 days of repeated inhalation exposure of rats and mice to talc. Front. find something that cuts. It has been reported that some cosmetic talcs and finished talcum powders may contain trace levels of asbestiform minerals despite the lack of evidence of reliably detectable asbestos at the major sources (1). Authors Monice M Fiume 1 , Ivan Boyer 2 , Wilma F Bergfeld 3 , Donald V Belsito 3 , The questions follow Blanks language scheme (1978). *Correspondence: Heather N. Lynch, heather.lynch@stantec.com, Particles and Health 2021: an International Conference Addressing Issues in Science and Regulation, View all As noted above, the talcs produced from these mines have been reported not to contain asbestiform minerals and testing has not produced reliably detectable levels of asbestos of any fiber type [e.g., regarding the Italian mines, see (1)]. V I S U O S P A T I A L A B I L I T I E S . Markers of inflammation also have been observed in the lungs of rats after talc exposure, but one of the only available mechanistic studies utilized a route of exposure (i.e., intratracheal instillation) that is not comparable to inhalation exposures. Wild et al. Part Fibre Tox. Canad Resp J. Six historical talcum powders were evaluated using modern-era analytical methods to determine if asbestos is present, and if so, to identify the mineral habit ( asbestiform versus non-asbestiform) of the asbestos. (43) was the only study to report a statistically significant excess risk of lung cancer (SMR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.573.29). 0000009706 00000 n Our systematic review of talc and pulmonary cancers generated suggestive evidence of no association for exposure to talc and lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma. %%EOF The tiering system allows for preferentially weighting specific quality domains (e.g., exposure characterization) first, followed by more secondary determinants of study quality. DAYC-2 was normed on a national sample of 1,832 children. The Test of Abstract Language Comprehension can be used by speech and language therapists to assess your childs understanding of concrete and abstract language through different style questions. 0000007801 00000 n Beck et al. Prog Exp Tumor Res. (1979) 73:2858. Briefly, the cohorts ranged in size from about 400 (53) to over 1,700 (1) miners and millers that were followed for mortality for up to seven decades. EPA. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Animals were exposed to 0, 6, or 18 mg/m3 talc for 6 h/day for 5 days/week until death or until the mortality of any exposure group reached 80% (approximately 2 years). Wehner et al. The sample was stratified by age, gender, geographical distribution and SES using the 2001 census statistics. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). While this does not affect the quality of the study, as discussed below, micronized talc is not used in cosmetic talcum powder products and may limit the study's generalizability for assessing risk associated with the use of cosmetic talcum powder. (43) extended follow-up of this cohort from 1948 through 1989, reporting two deaths from pleural mesothelioma; however, the underlying causes of death on the death certificates officially were coded by the New York State nosologists as benign neoplasm of the respiratory system and malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung, unspecified, respectively. Because the one malignant mesothelioma in the Vermont cohort was identified following a focused search of death certificates for the cohort but not the referent group, its inclusion results in a conservative bias. (2007) 29:75760. No epidemiological studies were identified that assessed consumer use of talc and talcum powder products. Among the most recent mortality updates for the talc miner and miller cohorts (1, 30, 43, 53, 56), Honda et al. (30) reported no increased lung cancer mortality among French (SMR = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.761.89) and Austrian (SMR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.432.19) talc mining and processing employees (30). Lung tumors occurred at very high administered doses that appeared to cause particle overload and using micronized talc (not typical of talc mining or milling exposures, or of cosmetic talcum powder products), limiting the ability to extrapolate these findings to relevant exposures in humans. t Mesothelioma associated with the use of cosmetic talc. WebThe Ark Centre CIC, 15 Springfield Lyons Approach, Chelmsford, Essex, CM2 5LB. doi: 10.1177/0192623313501894, 23. 0000055192 00000 n One exception was Stille and Tabershaw (47), which presented stratified analyses for workers with and without known prior employment where exposure to occupational lung carcinogens might have occurred. Br J Dis Chest. Technical Report: Occupational Exposure to Talc Containing Asbestos. 8. Arch Env Health. 0000004969 00000 n The pharmacokinetic data on the fate of inhaled talc indicate rapid clearance from the lung and body after single doses and no translocation of talc to other organs after single or repeated exposures. Obtain information about a childs abilities through observation, interview of caregivers, and direct assessment. Public comments received on the draft screening assessment and risk management scope Webbreathing in loose talc powder may cause lung effects, such as coughing, trouble breathing, decreased lung function and fibrosis; and. 0 Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (2021). : 238-877-9. In sum, and based on the integration of evidence from animal experiments, mechanistic evaluations, and epidemiological studies all of reasonable methodological quality, it is unlikely that talc and cosmetic talcum powders at human-relevant exposures cause human pulmonary cancers, including lung cancer and mesothelioma. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mef075, 44. Evidence integration summary judgment: lung cancer and mesothelioma. Our systematic review methods adhere to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and incorporated aspects from the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) and several United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) frameworks for systematic reviews. Why is a Test of Abstract Language Comprehension needed? 37. 0000014369 00000 n (1993) 64:44956. Risk Science Institute ILSI. No. Blackshear PE, Pandiri AR, Ton TV, Clayton NP, Shockley KR, Peddada SD, et al. 41. (1977) 15:1219. doi: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2053251. An overview of our methods is provided below, and an example of their application can be seen in a recent review on ethylene oxide (9). Mortality of talc miners and millers From Val Chisone. Overall, the mechanistic evidence is insufficient to support an MOA whereby talc induces pulmonary carcinogenesis. Ierardi and Marsh (58) conducted a power analysis to determine whether the pooled cohorts could detect a true association between talc exposure and mesothelioma risk among talc miners and millers, if there were one. As children grow older the curriculum in school requires them to think in a more abstract manner. 0000002271 00000 n Inhalation of talc baby powder by hamsters. TROG was originally developed from research material designed to investigate specific aspects of SLI in the mid seventies. As a result, the validity and relevance of these findings remains unclear; however, the epidemiological studies reflect potential risks associated with exposures to talcs including whatever accessory minerals and contaminants that might be present. He went to mainstream primary but only went half day as he could not cope with a full day and done 3 months of mainstream secondary school half days. However, the lung tumors occurred only in female rats exposed at a dose also inducing significant chronic lung toxicity and high lung talc burden, such that the maximum tolerable dose may have been exceeded (21). Our speech and language therapists aim to work with you and your child to create a unique therapy programme that is specific to your childs difficulties, and includes their motivators and goals. We recognize, however, that there still may be areas where further refinement in the approach is possible. Cincinnati, OH: National Insititute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (1990). 0000055411 00000 n Two nested case-control studies were conducted in tandem with occupational mortality analyses (30, 31). The Italian, Norwegian, French, and Austrian talc mines all produced talcs described as non-asbestiform with various accessory minerals including small amounts of chlorite and quartz (30, 50, 52). Animal model for inhalation exposure to talc. Oxford: Pergamon Press (1977). Other studies have reported increases in macrophages and other inflammatory markers after whole-body exposures, but again only with high talc concentrations. Most of the available studies that evaluated lung cancers were rated medium quality. We pilot tested the case-control quality evaluation for Gamble (31) and determined that its rating was equivalent to the associated cohort study (41) and thus did not separately evaluate the second case-control study. The proposed risk management objective for talc is to decrease inhalation and p Gyorik S, Erni S, Studler U, Hodek-Wuerz R, Tamm M, Chhajed PN, et al. (2017) 29:44356. WebLevel 2 Selective Analysis Language focuses on parts of the objects in front of the child * Function * Describing * Sorting & categorising. Level 2 Questions Questions (TALC) www.elklan.co.uk Elklan Language Builders books www.elklan.co.uk Twinkl www.twinkl.co.uk Lots of activities at different Blank levels. 54. Park Forest South, IL: Pathotox Publishers, Inc (1979). According to information reported under section 71 s xr%LD%U\C Malignant mesothelioma following repeated exposures to cosmetic talc: a case series of 75 patients. Epidemiol Health. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Talc (CAS No. This assessment presents information relevant to the safety of talc as used in cosmetic formulations. The substance which are used to improve the appearance are comes, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis, There has been renewed interest in the safety of cosmetics that may contain asbestos or other elongate mineral particles at very low levels as a naturally occurring contaminant. Please note that the item can still be purchased. p. 370. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-75124-0_32, 26. No chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow or dominant lethal mutations at any dose were observed (16). office@sltforkids.co.uk Acta Oncol. 0000004445 00000 n : 14807-96-6) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). In summary, no excess of malignant mesothelioma has been reported in any of the available epidemiological studies of talc miners and millers heavily exposed to talc. Although two of the studies reported no increase in tumor formation among talc-exposed animals (15, 17, 18, 20), NTP (19) reported a higher incidence of lung tumors in female rats in the highest exposure group, relative to controls. Wergeland E, Andersen A, Baerheim A. Morbidity and mortality in talc-exposed workers. Talc was administered to both species for 6 h per day, 5 days per week, for a total of 20 exposure days at talc concentrations of 0, 2, 6, or 18 mg/m3. doi: 10.1177/1091581815586797. Additional searches in Web of Science identified no additional publications. What information will I receive following a Test of Abstract Language Comprehension? Chang CJ, Tu YK, Chen PC, Yang HY. The TROG-2 is suitable for use by Speech and Language Therapists, Psychologists and Teachers of the Deaf. Brown DP, Sanderson W, Fine LJ. Safety assessment of talc as used in cosmetics. Markers of oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase 2) were increased at 100 mg/m3. Brussels: European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) (2013). A few studies provide evidence of some key events in the proposed inflammatory MOA; however, data are limited to non-human relevant exposure pathways and/or cell-based assays. Historical air sampling records (i.e., total respirable dust) also were available at some locations. 42. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP, Abstract This study characterizes airborne asbestos exposures resulting from the adult application of cosmetic talc body powders spiked with known concentrations of tremolite. Rubino et al. what is happening in the picture? Talc is a hydrous magnesium sheet silicate (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) with particles that are plate-like in structure. All new normative data collected in 2009 - 2011. Mechanistic studies were evaluated according to Klimisch scoring (14). Talc has been reported to cause fever in 16 to 69% of patients. A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data. In order to increase cohort size, the New York cohorts did not limit eligibility based on minimum employment (e.g., 1 year) as is common in cohort mortality studies (42). Wild P, Leodolter K, Refregier M, Schmidt H, Zidek T, Haidinger G, et al. (2022). Bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected and assessed at 1 day post exposure (all doses) or 1, 4, 7, and 14 days after talc administration (3.75 mg/100 g). Public Health 10:989111. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.989111. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, View 3 excerpts, references methods and background, Table 2. No specific mention of mesothelioma was recorded on the death certificates. The talc powder contains 95% of hydrated magnesium silicate; associated minerals include chlorites (hydrated aluminum and magnesium silicates), magnesite (magnesium carbonate), 0000006564 00000 n The authors evaluated, New solutions : a journal of environmental and occupational health policy : NS. Epidemiological studies were selected to include groups exposed to talc, including talc miners and millers (the groups historically most highly exposed) as well as groups potentially exposed to cosmetic talcum powders and other products containing talc.
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